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什麼是 MIME TYPE？

一、首先，我們要了解浏覽器是如何處理內容的。在浏覽器中顯示的內容有 HTML、有 XML、有 GIF、還有 Flash ……那麼，浏覽器是如何區分它們，決定什麼內容用什麼形式來顯示呢？答案是 MIME Type，也就是該資源的媒體類型。

媒體類型通常是通過 HTTP 協議，由 Web 服務器告知浏覽器的，更准確地說，是通過 Content-Type 來表示的，例如:

Content-Type: text/HTML

表示內容是 text/HTML 類型，也就是超文本文件。為什麼是“text/HTML”而不是“HTML/text”或者別的什麼？MIME Type 不是個人指定的，是經過 ietf 組織協商，以 RFC 的形式作為建議的標准發布在網上的，大多數的 Web 服務器和用戶代理都會支持這個規范 (順便說一句，Email 附件的類型也是通過 MIME Type 指定的)。

通常只有一些在互聯網上獲得廣泛應用的格式才會獲得一個 MIME Type，如果是某個客戶端自己定義的格式，一般只能以 application/x- 開頭。

XHTML 正是一個獲得廣泛應用的格式，因此，在 RFC 3236 中，說明了 XHTML 格式文件的 MIME Type 應該是 application/xHTML+XML。

當然，處理本地的文件，在沒有人告訴浏覽器某個文件的 MIME Type 的情況下，浏覽器也會做一些默認的處理，這可能和你在操作系統中給文件配置的 MIME Type 有關。比如在 Windows 下，打開注冊表的“HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREClassesMIMEDatabaseContent Type”主鍵，你可以看到所有 MIME Type 的配置信息。

二、在把輸出結果傳送到浏覽器上的時候，浏覽器必須啟動適當的應用程序來處理這個輸出文檔。這可以通過多種類型MIME（多功能網際郵件擴充協議）來完成。在HTTP中，MIME類型被定義在Content-Type header中。

例如，架設你要傳送一個Microsoft Excel文件到客戶端。那麼這時的MIME類型就是“application/vnd.ms-excel”。在大多數實際情況中，這個文件然後將傳送給Execl來處理（假設我們設定Execl為處理特殊MIME類型的應用程序）。在ASP中，設定MIME類型的方法是通過Response對象的ContentType屬性。


多媒體文件格式MIME

最早的HTTP協議中，並沒有附加的數據類型信息，所有傳送的數據都被客戶程序解釋為超文本標記語言HTML 文檔，而為了支持多媒體數據類型，HTTP協議中就使用了附加在文檔之前的MIME數據類型信息來標識數據類型。

MIME意為多目Internet郵件擴展，它設計的最初目的是為了在發送電子郵件時附加多媒體數據，讓郵件客戶程序能根據其類型進行處理。然而當它被HTTP協議支持之後，它的意義就更為顯著了。它使得HTTP傳輸的不僅是普通的文本，而變得豐富多彩。

每個MIME類型由兩部分組成，前面是數據的大類別，例如聲音audio、圖象image等，後面定義具體的種類。

常見的MIME類型

超文本標記語言文本 .html,.html text/html
普通文本 .txt text/plain
RTF文本 .rtf application/rtf
GIF圖形 .gif image/gif
JPEG圖形 .ipeg,.jpg image/jpeg
au聲音文件 .au audio/basic
MIDI音樂文件 mid,.midi audio/midi,audio/x-midi
RealAudio音樂文件 .ra, .ram audio/x-pn-realaudio
MPEG文件 .mpg,.mpeg video/mpeg
AVI文件 .avi video/x-msvideo
GZIP文件 .gz application/x-gzip
TAR文件 .tar application/x-tar

Internet中有一個專門組織IANA來確認標准的MIME類型，但Internet發展的太快，很多應用程序等不及IANA來確認他們使用的MIME類型為標准類型。因此他們使用在類別中以x-開頭的方法標識這個類別還沒有成為標准，例如：x-gzip，x-tar等。事實上這些類型運用的很廣泛，已經成為了事實標准。只要客戶機和服務器共同承認這個MIME類型，即使它是不標准的類型也沒有關系，客戶程序就能根據MIME類型，采用具體的處理手段來處理數據。而Web服務器和浏覽器（包括操作系統）中，缺省都設置了標准的和常見的MIME類型，只有對於不常見的 MIME類型，才需要同時設置服務器和客戶浏覽器，以進行識別。

由於MIME類型與文檔的後綴相關，因此服務器使用文檔的後綴來區分不同文件的MIME類型，服務器中必須定義文檔後綴和MIME類型之間的對應關系。而客戶程序從服務器上接收數據的時候，它只是從服務器接受數據流，並不了解文檔的名字，因此服務器必須使用附加信息來告訴客戶程序數據的MIME類型。服務器在發送真正的數據之前，就要先發送標志數據的MIME類型的信息，這個信息使用Content-type關鍵字進行定義，例如對於HTML文檔，服務器將首先發送以下兩行MIME標識信息,這個標識並不是真正的數據文件的一部分。

Content-type: text/html

注意，第二行為一個空行，這是必須的，使用這個空行的目的是將MIME信息與真正的數據內容分隔開。

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 是描述消息內容類型的因特網標准。
MIME 消息能包含文本、圖像、音頻、視頻以及其他應用程序專用的數據。
官方的 MIME 信息是由 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 在下面的文檔中提供的：
RFC-822 Standard for ARPA Internet text messages

RFC-2045 MIME Part 1: Format of Internet Message Bodies

RFC-2046 MIME Part 2: Media Types

RFC-2047 MIME Part 3: Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text

RFC-2048 MIME Part 4: Registration Procedures

RFC-2049 MIME Part 5: Conformance Criteria and Examples

不同的應用程序支持不同的 MIME 類型。

MIME Types
MIME 類型

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an Internet standard for describes message content types.
MIME （ 多用途的網際郵件擴充協議）是用於描述信息內容類型的國際標准。

MIME messages can contain text, images, audio, video, and other application-specific data.
MIME 信息可以包含文本、圖像、音頻、視頻和其他的應用程序細節數據。

Official MIME info is provided by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the following documents:
官方的MIME信息是由internet工程任務組（IETF）中的下列文檔所提供的：

RFC-822 Standard for ARPA Internet text messages [ARPA互連網文本信息標准]
RFC-2045 MIME Part 1: Format of Internet Message Bodies [MIME 第1部分：互聯網信息主體的格式]
RFC-2046 MIME Part 2: Media Types [MIME 第2部分：多媒體類型]
RFC-2047 MIME Part 3: Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text [MIME 第3部分：非ASCII文本的頁眉擴展名]
RFC-2048 MIME Part 4: Registration Procedures [MIME 第4部分：注冊程序]
RFC-2049 MIME Part 5: Conformance Criteria and Examples [MIME 第5部分：一致性標准和案例]
Different applications support different MIME types.
不同的應用程序支持不同的MIME類型。

The reference below is a list of MIME types supported by Microsoft Internet Information Server version 5.
微軟IIS5以上版本支持下面關於MIME類型的參數列表。

MIME Types By Content Type
Content [內容] 類型 中的 MIME 類型

Type/sub-type
類型/二級類型 Extension
擴展名 application/envoy evy application/fractals fif application/futuresplash spl application/hta hta application/internet-property-stream acx application/mac-binhex40 hqx application/msword doc application/msword dot application/octet-stream * application/octet-stream bin application/octet-stream class application/octet-stream dms application/octet-stream exe application/octet-stream lha application/octet-stream lzh application/oda oda application/olescript axs application/pdf pdf application/pics-rules prf application/pkcs10 p10 application/pkix-crl crl application/postscript ai application/postscript eps application/postscript ps application/rtf rtf application/set-payment-initiation setpay application/set-registration-initiation setreg application/vnd.ms-excel xla application/vnd.ms-excel xlc application/vnd.ms-excel xlm application/vnd.ms-excel xls application/vnd.ms-excel xlt application/vnd.ms-excel xlw application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore sst application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat cat application/vnd.ms-pkistl stl application/vnd.ms-powerpoint pot, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint pps application/vnd.ms-powerpoint ppt application/vnd.ms-project mpp application/vnd.ms-works wcm application/vnd.ms-works wdb application/vnd.ms-works wks application/vnd.ms-works wps application/winhlp hlp application/x-bcpio bcpio application/x-cdf cdf application/x-compress z application/x-compressed tgz application/x-cpio cpio application/x-csh csh application/x-director dcr application/x-director dir application/x-director dxr application/x-dvi dvi application/x-gtar gtar application/x-gzip gz application/x-hdf hdf application/x-internet-signup ins application/x-internet-signup isp application/x-iphone iii application/x-javascript js application/x-latex latex application/x-msaccess mdb application/x-mscardfile crd application/x-msclip clp application/x-msdownload dll application/x-msmediaview m13 application/x-msmediaview m14 application/x-msmediaview mvb application/x-msmetafile wmf application/x-msmoney mny application/x-mspublisher pub application/x-msschedule scd application/x-msterminal trm application/x-mswrite wri application/x-netcdf cdf application/x-netcdf nc application/x-perfmon pma application/x-perfmon pmc application/x-perfmon pml application/x-perfmon pmr application/x-perfmon pmw application/x-pkcs12 p12 application/x-pkcs12 pfx application/x-pkcs7-certificates p7b application/x-pkcs7-certificates spc application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp p7r application/x-pkcs7-mime p7c application/x-pkcs7-mime p7m application/x-pkcs7-signature p7s application/x-sh sh application/x-shar shar application/x-stuffit sit application/x-sv4cpio sv4cpio application/x-sv4crc sv4crc application/x-tar tar application/x-tcl tcl application/x-tex tex application/x-texinfo texi application/x-texinfo texinfo application/x-troff roff application/x-troff t application/x-troff tr application/x-troff-man man application/x-troff-me me application/x-troff-ms ms application/x-ustar ustar application/x-wais-source src application/x-x509-ca-cert cer application/x-x509-ca-cert crt application/x-x509-ca-cert der application/ynd.ms-pkipko pko application/zip zip audio/basic au audio/basic snd audio/mid mid audio/mid rmi audio/mpeg mp3 audio/x-aiff aif audio/x-aiff aifc audio/x-aiff aiff audio/x-mpegurl m3u audio/x-pn-realaudio ra audio/x-pn-realaudio ram audio/x-wav wav image/bmp bmp image/cis-cod cod image/gif gif image/ief ief image/jpeg jpe image/jpeg jpeg image/jpeg jpg image/pipeg jfif image/svg+xml svg image/tiff tif image/tiff tiff image/x-cmu-raster ras image/x-cmx cmx image/x-icon ico image/x-portable-anymap pnm image/x-portable-bitmap pbm image/x-portable-graymap pgm image/x-portable-pixmap ppm image/x-rgb rgb image/x-xbitmap xbm image/x-xpixmap xpm image/x-xwindowdump xwd message/rfc822 mht message/rfc822 mhtml message/rfc822 nws text/css css text/h323 323 text/html htm text/html html text/html stm text/iuls uls text/plain bas text/plain c text/plain h text/plain txt text/richtext rtx text/scriptlet sct text/tab-separated-values tsv text/webviewhtml htt text/x-component htc text/x-setext etx text/x-vcard vcf video/mpeg mp2 video/mpeg mpa video/mpeg mpe video/mpeg mpeg video/mpeg mpg video/mpeg mpv2 video/quicktime mov video/quicktime qt video/x-la-asf lsf video/x-la-asf lsx video/x-ms-asf asf video/x-ms-asf asr video/x-ms-asf asx video/x-msvideo avi video/x-sgi-movie movie x-world/x-vrml flr x-world/x-vrml vrml x-world/x-vrml wrl x-world/x-vrml wrz x-world/x-vrml xaf x-world/x-vrml xof

按照文件擴展名羅列的Mime類型

Extension
擴展名 Type/sub-type
類型/二級類型   application/octet-stream 323 text/h323 acx application/internet-property-stream ai application/postscript aif audio/x-aiff aifc audio/x-aiff aiff audio/x-aiff asf video/x-ms-asf asr video/x-ms-asf asx video/x-ms-asf au audio/basic avi video/x-msvideo axs application/olescript bas text/plain bcpio application/x-bcpio bin application/octet-stream bmp image/bmp c text/plain cat application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat cdf application/x-cdf cer application/x-x509-ca-cert class application/octet-stream clp application/x-msclip cmx image/x-cmx cod image/cis-cod cpio application/x-cpio crd application/x-mscardfile crl application/pkix-crl crt application/x-x509-ca-cert csh application/x-csh css text/css dcr application/x-director der application/x-x509-ca-cert dir application/x-director dll application/x-msdownload dms application/octet-stream doc application/msword dot application/msword dvi application/x-dvi dxr application/x-director eps application/postscript etx text/x-setext evy application/envoy exe application/octet-stream fif application/fractals flr x-world/x-vrml gif image/gif gtar application/x-gtar gz application/x-gzip h text/plain hdf application/x-hdf hlp application/winhlp hqx application/mac-binhex40 hta application/hta htc text/x-component htm text/html html text/html htt text/webviewhtml ico image/x-icon ief image/ief iii application/x-iphone ins application/x-internet-signup isp application/x-internet-signup jfif image/pipeg jpe image/jpeg jpeg image/jpeg jpg image/jpeg js application/x-javascript latex application/x-latex lha application/octet-stream lsf video/x-la-asf lsx video/x-la-asf lzh application/octet-stream m13 application/x-msmediaview m14 application/x-msmediaview m3u audio/x-mpegurl man application/x-troff-man mdb application/x-msaccess me application/x-troff-me mht message/rfc822 mhtml message/rfc822 mid audio/mid mny application/x-msmoney mov video/quicktime movie video/x-sgi-movie mp2 video/mpeg mp3 audio/mpeg mpa video/mpeg mpe video/mpeg mpeg video/mpeg mpg video/mpeg mpp application/vnd.ms-project mpv2 video/mpeg ms application/x-troff-ms mvb application/x-msmediaview nws message/rfc822 oda application/oda p10 application/pkcs10 p12 application/x-pkcs12 p7b application/x-pkcs7-certificates p7c application/x-pkcs7-mime p7m application/x-pkcs7-mime p7r application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp p7s application/x-pkcs7-signature pbm image/x-portable-bitmap pdf application/pdf pfx application/x-pkcs12 pgm image/x-portable-graymap pko application/ynd.ms-pkipko pma application/x-perfmon pmc application/x-perfmon pml application/x-perfmon pmr application/x-perfmon pmw application/x-perfmon pnm image/x-portable-anymap pot, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint ppm image/x-portable-pixmap pps application/vnd.ms-powerpoint ppt application/vnd.ms-powerpoint prf application/pics-rules ps application/postscript pub application/x-mspublisher qt video/quicktime ra audio/x-pn-realaudio ram audio/x-pn-realaudio ras image/x-cmu-raster rgb image/x-rgb rmi audio/mid roff application/x-troff rtf application/rtf rtx text/richtext scd application/x-msschedule sct text/scriptlet setpay application/set-payment-initiation setreg application/set-registration-initiation sh application/x-sh shar application/x-shar sit application/x-stuffit snd audio/basic spc application/x-pkcs7-certificates spl application/futuresplash src application/x-wais-source sst application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore stl application/vnd.ms-pkistl stm text/html svg image/svg+xml sv4cpio application/x-sv4cpio sv4crc application/x-sv4crc t application/x-troff tar application/x-tar tcl application/x-tcl tex application/x-tex texi application/x-texinfo texinfo application/x-texinfo tgz application/x-compressed tif image/tiff tiff image/tiff tr application/x-troff trm application/x-msterminal tsv text/tab-separated-values txt text/plain uls text/iuls ustar application/x-ustar vcf text/x-vcard vrml x-world/x-vrml wav audio/x-wav wcm application/vnd.ms-works wdb application/vnd.ms-works wks application/vnd.ms-works wmf application/x-msmetafile wps application/vnd.ms-works wri application/x-mswrite wrl x-world/x-vrml wrz x-world/x-vrml xaf x-world/x-vrml xbm image/x-xbitmap xla application/vnd.ms-excel xlc application/vnd.ms-excel xlm application/vnd.ms-excel xls application/vnd.ms-excel xlt application/vnd.ms-excel xlw application/vnd.ms-excel xof x-world/x-vrml xpm image/x-xpixmap xwd image/x-xwindowdump z application/x-compress zip application/zip