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在支持HTML5的浏覽器上運行WebGL程序的方法
編輯:HTML5教程     

   前提條件和預期結果

  目前只有少數的浏覽器支持 WebGL ,請看我的另外一篇文章:Can I use WebGL?.

  下面的例子是在 Windows 下的 Chrome 16/23 以及 Android 下的 Firefox 17 進行測試。如果你使用的是非兼容浏覽器訪問則會彈出一個警告。

2015618155306361.png (418×380)

  圖1:包含 Hello world 文本的動畫的 WebGL 立方體

  在兼容 HTML5 的浏覽器上,你將會看到如下圖所示的帶動畫效果的立方體:

2015618155324527.jpg (600×404)

  圖2: 示例運行的屏幕截圖

  該代碼基於 Lighting in WebGL - How to simulate lighting effects in your WebGL context - 非常感謝這篇教程。在該實例初始運行時,動畫的立方體是通過一個靜態的 Bitmap 圖形對象渲染的。

  下面的代碼演示如何在程序中動態的渲染文本:

  XML/HTML Code復制內容到剪貼板

  // TODO #1 New method to create a texture

  function createCubeTexture(text) {

  ...

  }

  在這裡使用 gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, true); 是非常重要的,用來確保寫文本時不會前後顛倒。剩下的就很容易理解了:

  XML/HTML Code復制內容到剪貼板

  // TODO #2 Assign the created texture for display

  cubeTexture = createCubeTexture("Hello World!");

 源碼

// File #1: webgl-demo.htm

XML/HTML Code復制內容到剪貼板
  1. <html>
  2. <head>
  3. <title>WebGL - Hello World!</title>
  4. <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
  5. <script src="sylvester.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
  6. <script src="glUtils.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
  7. <script src="webgl-demo.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
  8.  
  9. <!-- Fragment shader program -->
  10. <script id="shader-fs" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
  11. varying highp vec2 vTextureCoord;
  12. varying highp vec3 vLighting;
  13.  
  14. uniform sampler2D uSampler;
  15.  
  16. void main(void) {
  17. highp vec4 texelColor = texture2D(uSampler, vec2(vTextureCoord.s, vTextureCoord.t));
  18.  
  19. gl_FragColor = vec4(texelColor.rgb * vLighting, texelColor.a);
  20. }
  21. </script>
  22.  
  23. <!-- Vertex shader program -->
  24. <script id="shader-vs" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
  25. attribute highp vec3 aVertexNormal;
  26. attribute highp vec3 aVertexPosition;
  27. attribute highp vec2 aTextureCoord;
  28.  
  29. uniform highp mat4 uNormalMatrix;
  30. uniform highp mat4 uMVMatrix;
  31. uniform highp mat4 uPMatrix;
  32.  
  33. varying highp vec2 vTextureCoord;
  34. varying highp vec3 vLighting;
  35.  
  36. void main(void) {
  37. gl_Position = uPMatrix * uMVMatrix * vec4(aVertexPosition, 1.0);
  38. vTextureCoord = aTextureCoord;
  39.  
  40. // Apply lighting effect
  41.  
  42. highp vec3 ambientLight = vec3(0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
  43. highp vec3 directionalLightColor = vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.75);
  44. highp vec3 directionalVector = vec3(0.85, 0.8, 0.75);
  45. highp vec4 transformedNormal = uNormalMatrix * vec4(aVertexNormal, 1.0);
  46.  
  47. highp float directional = max(dot(transformedNormal.xyz, directionalVector), 0.0);
  48. vLighting = ambientLight + (directionalLightColor * directional);
  49. }
  50. </script>
  51. </head>
  52.  
  53. <body onload="start()">
  54. <canvas id="glcanvas" width="640" height="480">
  55. Your browser doesn't appear to support the HTML5 <code><canvas></code> element.
  56. </canvas>
  57. </body>
  58. </html>

  // File #02: webgl-demo.js

  XML/HTML Code復制內容到剪貼板

  var canvas;

  var gl;

  var cubeVerticesBuffer;

  var cubeVerticesTextureCoordBuffer;

  var cubeVerticesIndexBuffer;

  var cubeVerticesIndexBuffer;

  var cubeRotation = 0.0;

  var lastCubeUpdateTime = 0;

  var cubeImage;

  var cubeTexture;

  var mvMatrix;

  var shaderProgram;

  var vertexPositionAttribute;

  var vertexNormalAttribute;

  var textureCoordAttribute;

  var perspectiveMatrix;

  //

  // start

  //

  // Called when the canvas is created to get the ball rolling.

  //

  function start() {

  canvas = document.getElementById("glcanvas");

  initWebGL(canvas); // Initialize the GL context

  // Only continue if WebGL is available and working

  if (gl) {

  gl.clearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); // Clear to black, fully opaque

  gl.clearDepth(1.0); // Clear everything

  gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST); // Enable depth testing

  gl.depthFunc(gl.LEQUAL); // Near things obscure far things

  // Initialize the shaders; this is where all the lighting for the

  // vertices and so forth is established.

  initShaders();

  // Here's where we call the routine that builds all the objects

  // we'll be drawing.

  initBuffers();

  // Next, load and set up the textures we'll be using.

  // TODO#2 Start

  cubeTexture = createCubeTexture("Hello World!");

  // TODO#2 End

  // Set up to draw the scene periodically.

  setInterval(drawScene, 15);

  }

  }

  //

  // initWebGL

  //

  // Initialize WebGL, returning the GL context or null if

  // WebGL isn't available or could not be initialized.

  //

  function initWebGL() {

  gl = null;

  try {

  gl = canvas.getContext("experimental-webgl");

  }

  catch(e) {

  }

  // If we don't have a GL context, give up now

  if (!gl) {

  alert("Unable to initialize WebGL. Your browser may not support it.");

  }

  }

  //

  // initBuffers

  //

  // Initialize the buffers we'll need. For this demo, we just have

  // one object -- a simple two-dimensional cube.

  //

  function initBuffers() {

  // Create a buffer for the cube's vertices.

  cubeVerticesBuffer = gl.createBuffer();

  // Select the cubeVerticesBuffer as the one to apply vertex

  // operations to from here out.

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesBuffer);

  // Now create an array of vertices for the cube.

  var vertices = [

  // Front face

  -1.0, -1.0, 1.0,

  1.0, -1.0, 1.0,

  1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

  -1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

  // Back face

  -1.0, -1.0, -1.0,

  -1.0, 1.0, -1.0,

  1.0, 1.0, -1.0,

  1.0, -1.0, -1.0,

  // Top face

  -1.0, 1.0, -1.0,

  -1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

  1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

  1.0, 1.0, -1.0,

  // Bottom face

  -1.0, -1.0, -1.0,

  1.0, -1.0, -1.0,

  1.0, -1.0, 1.0,

  -1.0, -1.0, 1.0,

  // Right face

  1.0, -1.0, -1.0,

  1.0, 1.0, -1.0,

  1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

  1.0, -1.0, 1.0,

  // Left face

  -1.0, -1.0, -1.0,

  -1.0, -1.0, 1.0,

  -1.0, 1.0, 1.0,

  -1.0, 1.0, -1.0

  ];

  // Now pass the list of vertices into WebGL to build the shape. We

  // do this by creating a Float32Array from the JavaScript array,

  // then use it to fill the current vertex buffer.

  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(vertices), gl.STATIC_DRAW);

  // Set up the normals for the vertices, so that we can compute lighting.

  cubeVerticesNormalBuffer = gl.createBuffer();

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesNormalBuffer);

  var vertexNormals = [

  // Front

  0.0, 0.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 0.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 0.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 0.0, 1.0,

  // Back

  0.0, 0.0, -1.0,

  0.0, 0.0, -1.0,

  0.0, 0.0, -1.0,

  0.0, 0.0, -1.0,

  // Top

  0.0, 1.0, 0.0,

  0.0, 1.0, 0.0,

  0.0, 1.0, 0.0,

  0.0, 1.0, 0.0,

  // Bottom

  0.0, -1.0, 0.0,

  0.0, -1.0, 0.0,

  0.0, -1.0, 0.0,

  0.0, -1.0, 0.0,

  // Right

  1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  // Left

  -1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  -1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  -1.0, 0.0, 0.0,

  -1.0, 0.0, 0.0

  ];

  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(vertexNormals),

  gl.STATIC_DRAW);

  // Map the texture onto the cube's faces.

  cubeVerticesTextureCoordBuffer = gl.createBuffer();

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesTextureCoordBuffer);

  var textureCoordinates = [

  // Front

  0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 1.0,

  // Back

  0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 1.0,

  // Top

  0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 1.0,

  // Bottom

  0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 1.0,

  // Right

  0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 1.0,

  // Left

  0.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 0.0,

  1.0, 1.0,

  0.0, 1.0

  ];

  gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(textureCoordinates),

  gl.STATIC_DRAW);

  // Build the element array buffer; this specifies the indices

  // into the vertex array for each face's vertices.

  cubeVerticesIndexBuffer = gl.createBuffer();

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesIndexBuffer);

  // This array defines each face as two triangles, using the

  // indices into the vertex array to specify each triangle's

  // position.

  var cubeVertexIndices = [

  0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, // front

  4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 7, // back

  8, 9, 10, 8, 10, 11, // top

  12, 13, 14, 12, 14, 15, // bottom

  16, 17, 18, 16, 18, 19, // right

  20, 21, 22, 20, 22, 23 // left

  ]

  // Now send the element array to GL

  gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER,

  new Uint16Array(cubeVertexIndices), gl.STATIC_DRAW);

  }

  //

  // initTextures

  //

  // Initialize the textures we'll be using, then initiate a load of

  // the texture images. The handleTextureLoaded() callback will finish

  // the job; it gets called each time a texture finishes loading.

  //

  // TODO#1 Start

  function createCubeTexture(text) {

  // create a hidden canvas to draw the texture

  var canvas = document.createElement('canvas');

  canvas.id = "hiddenCanvas";

  canvas.width = 512;

  canvas.height = 512;

  canvas.style.display = "none";

  var body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];

  body.appendChild(canvas);

  // draw texture

  var cubeImage = document.getElementById('hiddenCanvas');

  var ctx = cubeImage.getContext('2d');

  ctx.beginPath();

  ctx.rect(0, 0, ctx.canvas.width, ctx.canvas.height);

  ctx.fillStyle = 'white';

  ctx.fill();

  ctx.fillStyle = 'black';

  ctx.font = "65px Arial";

  ctx.textAlign = 'center';

  ctx.fillText(text, ctx.canvas.width / 2, ctx.canvas.height / 2);

  ctx.restore();

  // create new texture

  var texture = gl.createTexture();

  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);

  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);

  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST);

  gl.pixelStorei(gl.UNPACK_FLIP_Y_WEBGL, true);

  handleTextureLoaded(cubeImage, texture)

  return texture;

  }

  // TODO#1 End

  function handleTextureLoaded(image, texture) {

  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, texture);

  gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, image);

  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, gl.LINEAR);

  gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, gl.LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST);

  gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D);

  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, null);

  }

  //

  // drawScene

  //

  // Draw the scene.

  //

  function drawScene() {

  // Clear the canvas before we start drawing on it.

  gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

  // Establish the perspective with which we want to view the

  // scene. Our field of view is 45 degrees, with a width/height

  // ratio of 640:480, and we only want to see objects between 0.1 units

  // and 100 units away from the camera.

  perspectiveMatrix = makePerspective(45, 640.0/480.0, 0.1, 100.0);

  // Set the drawing position to the "identity" point, which is

  // the center of the scene.

  loadIdentity();

  // Now move the drawing position a bit to where we want to start

  // drawing the cube.

  mvTranslate([0.0, 0.0, -6.0]);

  // Save the current matrix, then rotate before we draw.

  mvPushMatrix();

  mvRotate(cubeRotation, [1, 0, 1]);

  // Draw the cube by binding the array buffer to the cube's vertices

  // array, setting attributes, and pushing it to GL.

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesBuffer);

  gl.vertexAttribPointer(vertexPositionAttribute, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

  // Set the texture coordinates attribute for the vertices.

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesTextureCoordBuffer);

  gl.vertexAttribPointer(textureCoordAttribute, 2, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

  // Bind the normals buffer to the shader attribute.

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesNormalBuffer);

  gl.vertexAttribPointer(vertexNormalAttribute, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);

  // Specify the texture to map onto the faces.

  gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);

  gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);

  gl.uniform1i(gl.getUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "uSampler"), 0);

  // Draw the cube.

  gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVerticesIndexBuffer);

  setMatrixUniforms();

  gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, 36, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0);

  // Restore the original matrix

  mvPopMatrix();

  // Update the rotation for the next draw, if it's time to do so.

  var currentTime = (new Date).getTime();

  if (lastCubeUpdateTime) {

  var delta = currentTime - lastCubeUpdateTime;

  cubeRotation += (30 * delta) / 1000.0;

  }

  lastCubeUpdateTime = currentTime;

  }

  //

  // initShaders

  //

  // Initialize the shaders, so WebGL knows how to light our scene.

  //

  function initShaders() {

  var fragmentShader = getShader(gl, "shader-fs");

  var vertexShader = getShader(gl, "shader-vs");

  // Create the shader program

  shaderProgram = gl.createProgram();

  gl.attachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);

  gl.attachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);

  gl.linkProgram(shaderProgram);

  // If creating the shader program failed, alert

  if (!gl.getProgramParameter(shaderProgram, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {

  alert("Unable to initialize the shader program.");

  }

  gl.useProgram(shaderProgram);

  vertexPositionAttribute = gl.getAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "aVertexPosition");

  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(vertexPositionAttribute);

  textureCoordAttribute = gl.getAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "aTextureCoord");

  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(textureCoordAttribute);

  vertexNormalAttribute = gl.getAttribLocation(shaderProgram, "aVertexNormal");

  gl.enableVertexAttribArray(vertexNormalAttribute);

  }

  //

  // getShader

  //

  // Loads a shader program by scouring the current document,

  // looking for a script with the specified ID.

  //

  function getShader(gl, id) {

  var shaderScript = document.getElementById(id);

  // Didn't find an element with the specified ID; abort.

  if (!shaderScript) {

  return null;

  }

  // Walk through the source element's children, building the

  // shader source string.

  var theSource = "";

  var currentChild = shaderScript.firstChild;

  while(currentChild) {

  if (currentChild.nodeType == 3) {

  theSource += currentChild.textContent;

  }

  currentChildcurrentChild = currentChild.nextSibling;

  }

  // Now figure out what type of shader script we have,

  // based on its MIME type.

  var shader;

  if (shaderScript.type == "x-shader/x-fragment") {

  shader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);

  } else if (shaderScript.type == "x-shader/x-vertex") {

  shader = gl.createShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER);

  } else {

  return null; // Unknown shader type

  }

  // Send the source to the shader object

  gl.shaderSource(shader, theSource);

  // Compile the shader program

  gl.compileShader(shader);

  // See if it compiled successfully

  if (!gl.getShaderParameter(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {

  alert("An error occurred compiling the shaders: " + gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader));

  return null;

  }

  return shader;

  }

  //

  // Matrix utility functions

  //

  function loadIdentity() {

  mvMatrix = Matrix.I(4);

  }

  function multMatrix(m) {

  mvMatrixmvMatrix = mvMatrix.x(m);

  }

  function mvTranslate(v) {

  multMatrix(Matrix.Translation($V([v[0], v[1], v[2]])).ensure4x4());

  }

  function setMatrixUniforms() {

  var pUniform = gl.getUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "uPMatrix");

  gl.uniformMatrix4fv(pUniform, false, new Float32Array(perspectiveMatrix.flatten()));

  var mvUniform = gl.getUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "uMVMatrix");

  gl.uniformMatrix4fv(mvUniform, false, new Float32Array(mvMatrix.flatten()));

  var normalMatrix = mvMatrix.inverse();

  normalMatrixnormalMatrix = normalMatrix.transpose();

  var nUniform = gl.getUniformLocation(shaderProgram, "uNormalMatrix");

  gl.uniformMatrix4fv(nUniform, false, new Float32Array(normalMatrix.flatten()));

  }

  var mvMatrixStack = [];

  function mvPushMatrix(m) {

  if (m) {

  mvMatrixStack.push(m.dup());

  mmvMatrix = m.dup();

  } else {

  mvMatrixStack.push(mvMatrix.dup());

  }

  }

  function mvPopMatrix() {

  if (!mvMatrixStack.length) {

  throw("Can't pop from an empty matrix stack.");

  }

  mvMatrix = mvMatrixStack.pop();

  return mvMatrix;

  }

  function mvRotate(angle, v) {

  var inRadians = angle * Math.PI / 180.0;

  var m = Matrix.Rotation(inRadians, $V([v[0], v[1], v[2]])).ensure4x4();

  multMatrix(m);

  }

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