前言:大多OO語言都支持兩種繼承方式: 接口繼承和實現繼承 ,而ECMAScript中無法實現接口繼承,ECMAScript只支持實現繼承,而且其實現繼承主要是依靠 原型鏈 來實現。
1.原型鏈
基本思想:利用原型讓一個引用類型繼承另外一個引用類型的屬性和方法。
構造函數,原型,實例之間的關系:每個構造函數都有一個原型對象,原型對象包含一個指向構造函數的指針,而實例都包含一個指向原型對象的內部指針。
原型鏈實現繼承例子:
function SuperType() { this.property = true; } SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function() { return this.property; } function subType() { this.property = false; } //繼承了SuperType SubType.prototype = new SuperType(); SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){ return this.property; } var instance = new SubType(); console.log(instance.getSuperValue());//true
2.借用構造函數
基本思想:在子類型構造函數的內部調用超類構造函數,通過使用call()和apply()方法可以在新創建的對象上執行構造函數。
例子:
function SuperType() { this.colors = ["red","blue","green"]; } function SubType() { SuperType.call(this);//繼承了SuperType } var instance1 = new SubType(); instance1.colors.push("black"); console.log(instance1.colors);//"red","blue","green","black" var instance2 = new SubType(); console.log(instance2.colors);//"red","blue","green"
3.組合繼承
基本思想:將原型鏈和借用構造函數的技術組合在一塊,從而發揮兩者之長的一種繼承模式。
例子:
function SuperType(name) { this.name = name; this.colors = ["red","blue","green"]; } SuperType.prototype.sayName = function() { console.log(this.name); } function SubType(name, age) { SuperType.call(this,name);//繼承屬性 this.age = age; } //繼承方法 SubType.prototype = new SuperType(); Subtype.prototype.constructor = Subtype; Subtype.prototype.sayAge = function() { console.log(this.age); } var instance1 = new SubType("EvanChen",18); instance1.colors.push("black"); consol.log(instance1.colors);//"red","blue","green","black" instance1.sayName();//"EvanChen" instance1.sayAge();//18 var instance2 = new SubType("EvanChen666",20); console.log(instance2.colors);//"red","blue","green" instance2.sayName();//"EvanChen666" instance2.sayAge();//20
4.原型式繼承
基本想法:借助原型可以基於已有的對象創建新對象,同時還不必須因此創建自定義的類型。
原型式繼承的思想可用以下函數來說明:
function object(o) { function F(){} F.prototype = o; return new F(); }
例子:
var person = { name:"EvanChen", friends:["Shelby","Court","Van"]; }; var anotherPerson = object(person); anotherPerson.name = "Greg"; anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob"); var yetAnotherPerson = object(person); yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda"; yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie"); console.log(person.friends);//"Shelby","Court","Van","Rob","Barbie"
ECMAScript5通過新增Object.create()方法規范化了原型式繼承,這個方法接收兩個參數:一個用作新對象原型的對象和一個作為新對象定義額外屬性的對象。
var person = { name:"EvanChen", friends:["Shelby","Court","Van"]; }; var anotherPerson = Object.create(person); anotherPerson.name = "Greg"; anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob"); var yetAnotherPerson = Object.create(person); yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda"; yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie"); console.log(person.friends);//"Shelby","Court","Van","Rob","Barbie"
5.寄生式繼承
基本思想:創建一個僅用於封裝繼承過程的函數,該函數在內部以某種方式來增強對象,最後再像真正是它做了所有工作一樣返回對象。
例子:
function createAnother(original) { var clone = object(original); clone.sayHi = function () { alert("hi"); }; return clone; } var person = { name:"EvanChen", friends:["Shelby","Court","Van"]; }; var anotherPerson = createAnother(person); anotherPerson.sayHi();///"hi"
6.寄生組合式繼承
基本思想:通過借用函數來繼承屬性,通過原型鏈的混成形式來繼承方法
其基本模型如下所示:
function inheritProperty(subType, superType) { var prototype = object(superType.prototype);//創建對象 prototype.constructor = subType;//增強對象 subType.prototype = prototype;//指定對象 }
例子:
function SuperType(name){ this.name = name; this.colors = ["red","blue","green"]; } SuperType.prototype.sayName = function (){ alert(this.name); }; function SubType(name,age){ SuperType.call(this,name); this.age = age; } inheritProperty(SubType,SuperType); SubType.prototype.sayAge = function() { alert(this.age); }
以上內容給大家介紹了javascript實現繼承的六種方式,希望對大家有所幫助!